The great hope in the control of infectious diseases is always a vaccine. Vaccine can be a killed or attenuated biological agent that when administered into body activates the immune system against the specific antigen.
They have played an important role in the reduction of communicable diseases from the second half of the 20th century.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, the general stages of the development cycle of a vaccine are:
exploratory stage,
pre-clinical stage,
clinical development,
regulatory review and approval,
manufacturing and quality control.
If vaccine candidates do make it to the third stage, clinical development is a three-phase process. It says: “During Phase I, small groups of people receive the trial vaccine. In Phase II, the clinical study is expanded and vaccine is given to people who have characteristics (such as age and physical health) similar to those for whom the new vaccine is intended. In Phase III, the vaccine is given to thousands of people and tested for efficacy and safety.
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