COVID19 and Vitamin D | Immunity and vitamin D | Role of Vitamin D in viral infection | COVID19 and Vit D immunity | Vit D and COVID19 | Coronavirus and Vit D
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The innate immune system consists of physical barriers such as skin mucous membranes, and various cell types like, monocytes and macrophages, cytokines, and the complement. In contrast to the adaptive immune response, the innate response is not specific to any foreign invader and as a result, works quickly to destroy pathogens entered in our body. The key question is that how vitamin D is linked with infection. The simple answer is that the deficiency of vitamin D has been linked to increased risk or severity of viral infections, including HIV. Low levels of vitamin D appear to be a risk factor for other serious infections like tuberculosis. In addition to that, research support that the vitamin D Supplementation may slightly reduce the severity and risk of respiratory tract infections. More specifically, the research studies during COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns that, as vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor in respiratory infection. In addition to that it is also suggested that incidence, severity and outcomes of COVID-19 infection could be related with variances in vitamin D levels. There are several published reports of case series showing direct associations between vitamin D deficiency, COVID-19 infection and severity. The possible benefits by the vitamin D supplementation has been encouraged by various health professionals. howerver there was insufficient evidence at that time to support taking vitamin D supplements specifically to prevent or treat COVID‑19, health professionals recommended all people should continue to follow advice on daily vitamin D supplementation during the COVID‑19 pandemic. All these facts and findings motivates us to know the functions of vitamin D in detail. Before understanding Vitamin D, let’s first understand the vitamin. A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient. An organism needs a vitamin in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and it helps in intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and have multiple other biological effects on our body. In humans, the most important Vitamin D compounds are vitamin D3 (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol).The major natural source for humans is the synthesis of vit D in the lower layers of skin through a chemical reaction that is dependent on sun exposure. Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be acquired from the diet and from supplements. Only a few foods, such as the flesh of fatty fish, naturally contain significant amounts of vitamin D. In the U.S. and other countries, cow’s milk, and plant-derived milk substitutes are fortified with vitamin D. Vitamin D from skin synthesis or from the diet is biologically inactive. Means it has no function in this form. It needs activation. It is activated by two enzyme hydroxylation steps, the first in the liver and the second in the kidneys. As vitamin D can be synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals if exposed to sufficient sunlight, it is important to know that it is not essential, so technically not a vitamin. Instead, it can be considered a hormone, with activation of the vitamin D pro-hormone resulting in the active form, calcitriol, which then produces effects via a nuclear receptor in multiple locations. Cholecalciferol is converted in the liver to 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol); and ergocalciferol is converted to 25-hydroxy ergocalciferol. These two vitamin D metabolites (called 25-hydroxyvitamin D can be measured in serum to determine a person’s vitamin D status. Based on this information the vitamin deficiency can be detected in any patient. 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol is further hydroxylated by the kidneys to form calcitriol (also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), the biologically active form of vitamin D.
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