The Benefits of Vitamin E
Antioxidant
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Vitamin E is an antioxidant. It may help protect your cells from damage. This essential nutrient occurs naturally in many foods. It’s also available as a dietary supplement. Sometimes, it’s in processed foods. Vitamin E is fat-soluble. This means your body stores and uses it as needed.
The term “vitamin E” describes eight different compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active one in humans.
Longer cell life
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You’ve probably seen rust on your bike or car. A similar process of oxidation and accelerated aging takes place in your body when cells are exposed to molecules called free radicals. Free radicals weaken and break down healthy cells. These molecules may also contribute to heart disease and cancer.
Free radicals form as a result of normal body processes. They cause damage that shortens the life of your cells. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that may help reduce free radical damage and slow the aging process of your cells, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Extra protection
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Vitamin E may help people with higher environmental or lifestyle risk factors. Free radicals are increased by:
• cigarette smoking
• exposure to air pollution
• high exposure to ultraviolet rays from sunlight
• Vitamin E may help repair damaged cells
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Vitamin K (phytomenadione)
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Characteristics
Synonyms
Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione, phytonadione, or phylloquinone)
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)
Active form: vitamin K hydroquinone; activation occurs via enzyme epoxide reductase
Sources
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Leafy green vegetables (vitamin K1)
Eggs, dairy, and meat (vitamin K2)
Synthesized in small amounts by intestinal flora
Storage: liver
Functions
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Cofactor for γ-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in vitamin-K-dependent proteins that are involved in
Coagulation: factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X, proteins C and S
Bone formation: osteocalcin (bone Gla protein), matrix Gla protein
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