Vaccination:- in this video we learn about type of vaccin i.e DPT, Vitamin A, Mission indradhanush program,BCG ,OPV ,IPV measles,rabies etc.
Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to stimulate the immune response through active immunization. • A vaccine is an immuno-biological substance designed to produce specific protection against a given disease. • A vaccine is “antigenic” but not “pathogenic”.
Types of vaccines • Live vaccines • Attenuated live vaccines • Inactivated (killed vaccines) • Toxoids • Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular fraction) vaccines • Surface antigen (recombinant) vaccines.
Live vaccines • Live vaccines are made from live infectious agents without any amendment. • The only live vaccine is “Variola” small pox vaccine, made of live vaccinia cow-pox virus (not variola virus) which is not pathogenic but antigenic, giving cross immunity for variola.
Live attenuated (avirulent) vaccines • Virulent pathogenic organisms are treated to become attenuated and avirulent but antigenic. They have lost their capacity to induce full-blown disease but retain their immunogenicity. • Live attenuated vaccines should not be administered to persons with suppressed immune response due to: – Leukemia and lymphoma – Other malignancies – Receiving corticosteroids and anti-metabolic agents – Radiation – pregnancy
Inactivated (killed) vaccines • Organisms are killed or inactivated by heat or chemicals but remain antigenic. They are usually safe but less effective than live attenuated vaccines. The only absolute contraindication to their administration is a severe local or general reaction to a previous dose.
. Toxoids • They are prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins of some bacteria rendering them antigenic but not pathogenic. Adjuvant (e.g. alum precipitation) is used to increase the potency of vaccine. • The antibodies produces in the body as a consequence of toxoid administration neutralize the toxic moiety produced during infection rather than act upon the organism itself. In general toxoids are highly efficacious and safe immunizing agents.
Types of vaccines Live vaccines Live Attenuated vaccines Killed Inactivated vaccines Toxoids Cellular fraction vaccines Recombinant vaccines •Small pox variola vaccine •BCG •Typhoid oral •Plague •Oral polio •Yellow fever •Measles •Mumps •Rubella •Intranasal Influenza •Typhus •Typhoid •Cholera •Pertussis •Plague •Rabies •Salk polio •Intra- muscular influenza •Japanise encephalitis •Diphtheria •Tetanus •Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine •Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine •Hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine •Hepatitis B vaccine
. Routes of administration • Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route (most vaccines) • Oral route (sabine vaccine, oral BCG vaccine) • Intradermal route (BCG vaccine) • Scarification (small pox vaccine) • Intranasal route (live attenuated influenza vaccine)
Scheme of immunization • Primary vaccination – One dose vaccines (BCG, variola, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever) – Multiple dose vaccines (polio, DPT, hepatitis B) • Booster vaccination To maintain immunity level after it declines after some time has elapsed (DT, MMR).
Periods of maintained immunity due to vaccines • Short period (months): cholera vaccine • Two years: TAB vaccine • Three to five years: DPT vaccine • Five or more years: BCG vaccine • Ten years: yellow fever vaccine • Solid immunity: measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines.
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